Besnard is in line with the thinking of the great anarchist authors, notably Bakunin, who tells us that in the hypothesis of a revolution, the inability of the working class to achieve an alliance with the peasantry would provoke the reconstitution of a system of domination, this time based on the bureaucracy : the “civil servants of the state”. The advent of the state bureaucracy would therefore be the price to pay for the failure of the alliance with the peasantry1. This was a premonitory analysis made during the Franco-Prussian War, and which the Bolsheviks would unfortunately demonstrate the relevance of some 45 years later.